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Marines here received a call for help. Afghanistan forces had been ambushed by Taliban fighters wielding machine guns and wanted an American airstrike so they could break free.
April 1 offensive in Helmand province’s Nad Ali district, said Marine Capt. Jesse Gonzalez, an intelligence officer. It was a success in the Marines’ eyes: The strike occurred after Afghan forces provided enough information for the United States to carry out the airstrike, even though there were no U.S. troops on the ground.
But the operation shows how far expectations have been lowered after more than 16 years of war, with U.S. and Afghan forces seeking to recapture areas that were once under U.S. control.
Afghan government control in many areas outside Kabul evaporated as the United States cut its troop numbers in Afghanistan from more than 100,000 in 2011 to fewer than 10,000 by late 2016. President Trump authorized a more muscular strategy in August, enabling the military to carry out hundreds of airstrikes each month while boosting the number of troops from about 11,000 to more than 15,000.
The air campaign, paired with additional U.S. military advising, has helped stop the disintegration of security, but it has meant sending U.S. troops back to regions where they once engaged in direct combat with the Taliban during a surge in 2009.
Trump has promised repeatedly that the United States will win in Afghanistan, but what that means is unclear. U.S. commanders say that the most likely path to declaring victory is reaching a political settlement with the Taliban. But the insurgents had control or influence in 56 percent of Afghanistan’s 407 districts as of last fall, according to a U.S. military assessment. In fall 2016, the government controlled 72 percent.
As the U.S. intervention continues, Trump announced recently that he wants to bring home all U.S. troops from another war zone — Syria — as soon as possible. But Trump has shown more patience with Afghanistan, noting pointedly last summer that the consequences of a rapid exit are “both predictable and unacceptable.”
Under Trump’s strategy, the Marines’ goals are modest. On the ground, they appear to consist of bolstering Afghan forces, preventing the fall of a major city and — perhaps most important in terms of continuing the mission — keeping U.S. military fatalities as close to zero as possible, considering Americans’ exhaustion with an unpopular “forever war.” U.S. military advisers work side by side with Afghans at headquarters such as Bost airfield, just south of Lashkar Gah.
The Marines do not venture onto the battlefields, but they refer to Afghan forces as “our guys,” providing firepower from a distance and offering pointers with the belief that the United States could be in Afghanistan for years to come.
The legacy of bloodshed in Helmand stretches back more than a decade and includes more than 20,000 Marines deployed simultaneously at the height of President Barack Obama’s troop surge. The economy is driven by vast fields of opium poppy plants, and U.S. officials say the Taliban acts like a criminal gang as it processes and smuggles the drug to fund its operations.
Security disintegrated almost immediately after the last Marines went home in October 2014, turning over to Afghans the sprawling desert remains of their largest bases, Camp Leatherneck and Camp Bastion. The situation mushroomed into a crisis by 2015, as scores of Afghan soldiers were killed each month and the United States deployed Special Operations troops to help stave off disaster.
The Taliban was resurgent enough that there was concern about the insurgents’ seizing Lashkar Gah in 2017.
“The focus is on central Helmand,” said Brig. Gen. Benjamin T. Watson, the Marines’ top commander in Afghanistan.
The Afghan government and the Marines believe they have Lashkar Gah and the smaller city of Gereshk under control.
The Marines, using pickup trucks or golf-cart-size all-terrain vehicles, shuttle back and forth daily from their camp to the 215th Corps headquarters at an adjoining Afghan base named Camp Shorabak, which is decorated with rosebushes and painted bright pink and green. Ahmadzai, a stocky officer with a thick black mustache, said in an interview that he has been promised an additional 2,000 soldiers by the Defense Ministry.The Afghan army launched a three-week operation, Maiwand 12, in March that focused on clearing supply lines from a brigade headquarters at Camp New Garm Ser — once known to Marines as Camp Dwyer — to two Afghan bases in Marja that Marines first established.
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