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| Name | Biomolecules / Carbohydrates / monosaccharide/ disaccharide / polysaccharide/NCERT |
| Video Uploader | Video From TOMAR CHEMISTRY TUTORIAL |
| Upload Date | This Video Uploaded At 23-02-2023 14:30:08 |
| Video Discription | Class-12 -BIOMOLECULE/CARBOHYDRATES/ NCERT best youtube chemistry channel# Biomolecules previour video link https://youtu.be/M_hY2tLOlEw Give classification of carbohydrates ? Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are large macromolecules that are comprised of atoms of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. The general formula for carbohydrates is Classification of carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are broadly classified into three categories: 1. Monosaccharides: The carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolyzed to give simpler units of polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone are called monosaccharides. Examples are glucose, fructose, and ribose. 2. Oligosaccharides: The carbohydrates that give units of monosaccharides on hydrolysis are called oligosaccharides. Oligosaccharides are further classified into different types depending upon the monosaccharide units. Example: One molecule of maltose is composed of two units of glucose. 3. Polysaccharides: The carbohydrates that produce a large number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis are called polysaccharides. Examples are starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Write the chemical reaction associated with the open structure of Glucose? (i) Glucose when heated with HI it gives n-hexane which suggests that all the carbons are forming straight chain structure in glucose. (ii) When glucose is made to react with acetic anhydride it gives glucose pentaacetate which confirms the presence of five OH group in glucose. (iii) When glucose is treated with mild oxidizing agent it will form six carbon carboxylic acid hence the carbonyle group is present as an aldehyde. Why is the cyclic form of glucose more stable? Although carbohydrate molecules do exist to a very small extent in their open chain form, they generally prefer to be in their cyclic form. This is because the cyclic form of carbohydrates is lower in energy and thermodynamically more stable than the open chain counterparts What are Anomers. Explain with example? Anomers are cyclic monosaccharides or glycosides that are epimers, differing from each other in the configuration of C-1 if they are aldoses or in the configuration at C-2 if they are ketoses. The epimeric carbon in anomers are known as anomeric carbon or anomeric center. What are reducing sugar. Give one example? Those sugars which act as reducing agents are called reducing sugars. They contain an aldehyde (- CHO) are or a ketonic C = O all monosccharides and disaccharides (except sucrose) are reducing sugars, e.g., glucose, fructose, lactose etc. They reduce Fehling solution and Tollen's reagent. Enumerate the reactions of D-glucose which cannot be explained by its open chain structure. (i) Though glucose has aldehyde group, it does not give `2,4-DNP` test (ii) It does not form hydrogen sulphite addition product What are Diasaccharides .Give example? The three major disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Sucrose, which is formed following photosynthesis in green plants, consists of one molecule of glucose and one of fructose bonded via an α-,β-linkage. What are the hydrolysis products of A.Sucrose i. Glucose + Fructose + Galactose B. Lactose ii. Glucose + Fructose C. Maltose iii. Glucose + Galactose Glycosidic linkage: “The two monosaccharides are joined together by an oxide linkage formed by the loss of a water molecule. Such a linkage between two monosaccharide units through an oxygen atom is called glycosidic linkage.” The two monosaccharides of α-D-glucose and of β-D-fructose are held together by a glycosidic linkage . Why Sucrose is called invert Sugar? Sucrose is called an invert sugar because there is a change in the sign of rotation from dextro before hydrolysis to leavo after hydrolysis. Sucrose on hydrolysis gives equimolar mixture of D-(+) glucose and D-(-) fructose. What are trisaccharide. Give one example? Raffinose is a trisaccharide made up of glucose, galactose and fructose joined together by 2 glycosidic bonds. It can be found in beans, cabbage, sprouts, broccoli Define the following term : Polysaccharides Polysaccharide is a natural macromolecule located in the primary cell walls of plants. It was built from hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide combination through dehydration synthesis. Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are some examples of polysaccharides. State two functions of carbohydrates. Functions of carbohydrates: 1.Carbohydrates are helpful in performing many functions such as breakdown of protein molecules, dehydration as well as eliminating ketosis. 2.They serve as primary energy sources. 3.They provide energy. 4.They help in the regulation of blood glucose. 5.They provide the carbon skeleton for the synthesis of some non-essential amino acids |
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